Insect-transmitted infections can be dangerous for pregnant individuals and their babies, especially in tropical and subtropical areas where these infections are common. Flying biting insects, such as midges and mosquitoes can spread infections through their bite. Commonly known midge- and mosquito-transmitted infections include Oropouche virus, Zika virus, malaria, dengue fever, chikungunya, yellow fever, and West Nile virus. While risk of midge- and mosquito-transmitted infection in Canada is low, travelling to high-risk areas may pose a risk for pregnant individuals.
Pregnancy causes significant changes to the immune system, metabolism, blood flow, and body temperature. These changes not only make pregnant individuals more likely to attract midges and mosquitoes but can also weaken the body’s ability to fight off infections. Since these midge- and mosquito-transmitted inflections can lead to complications for both the mother and the baby, it is important for pregnant individuals to understand the risks and take steps to protect themselves and their babies.
What is Oropouche Virus?
Oropouche virus is a virus spread by midges and mosquitoes in parts of South and Central America. It causes Oropouche fever, which is a flu-like illness. While the illness is usually mild, it can spread quickly during outbreaks. Recently, Oropouche virus has become more common in Central American, making it easier for travellers to bring the infection back to countries like Canada and the United States.
There is no specific treatment or vaccine for Oropouche virus, so preventing infection by avoiding midge and mosquito bites is the best way to stay safe.
How Can Midge- and Mosquito-Transmitted Infections Affect Pregnancy?
In pregnancy, midge- and mosquito-transmitted infections can cause complications for both the mother and the baby. Some of these infections, like Zika virus, can cause birth defects, while others may increase the risk of premature birth or miscarriage.
Should I Travel to an Area Where These Infections Are Present?
If you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant, you should avoid traveling to areas with a high risk of midge- and mosquito-transmitted infections. If travel is necessary, talk to your health care provider about precautions you should take to help protect you and your baby. Simple steps, such as using insect repellent and wearing protective clothing, can help keep both mother and baby safe.
What Are the Symptoms of Midge- and Mosquito-Transmitted Infections?
Symptoms of midge- and mosquito-transmitted infections vary depending on the disease, but common signs include:
- Fever
- Rash
- Muscle or joint pain
- Headache
- Nausea or vomiting
- Unusual fatigue
Some infections, like Zika virus, may cause mild symptoms or no symptoms, while others, such as malaria, dengue fever, can lead to severe complications like high fever, nausea, vomiting, and internal bleeding.
Pregnant individuals are at higher risk of experiencing severe symptoms, so prevention and early detection are key to protecting both the mother and baby.
When Should I See a Health Care Provider if I Have Symptoms?
If you are pregnant, have recently travelled to a high-risk area, and have any symptoms of midge- and mosquito-transmitted infection, contact your health care provider right away. If you have recently traveled to a high-risk area, tell your health care provider, even if your symptoms are mild.
Seek urgent medical care if you have severe symptoms, like bleeding, trouble breathing, or intense abdominal pain.
How Can I Protect Myself During Pregnancy?
If you are pregnant, it is important to take steps to prevent midge and mosquito bites. There are no specific vaccines to prevent many midge- and mosquito-transmitted infections, so preventing bites is the best way to protect yourself and your baby. Here are some ways to reduce your risk:
- Avoid travelling to areas with a high risk of midge- and mosquito-transmitted infections: avoid unnecessary travel to these areas
- Use insect repellent: Choose a repellent approved by Health Canada that is safe for pregnancy.
- Wear protective clothing: Cover your skin by wearing long-sleeved and loose-fitting clothing.
- Staying in living areas that are protected against insect entry, for example with air-conditioning and closed windows.
In conclusion, pregnant individuals should take preventative measures to avoid midge- and mosquito-transmitted infections, especially when traveling to high-risk areas.